Ĭomparatively speaking, humans are a genetically homogeneous species. As of 2017, there were a total of 324 million known variants from sequenced human genomes. In 2015, the typical difference between an individual's genome and the reference genome was estimated at 20 million base pairs (or 0.6% of the total). The human genome has a total length of approximately 3.2 billion base pairs (bp) across 46 chromosomes of DNA as well as slightly under 17,000 bp DNA in cellular mitochondria. Differences between individuals, even closely related individuals, are the key to techniques such as genetic fingerprinting. Even monozygotic twins (who develop from one zygote) have infrequent genetic differences due to mutations occurring during development and gene copy-number variation. There may be multiple variants of any given gene in the human population ( alleles), a situation called polymorphism. Human genetic variation is the genetic differences in and among populations. For the pseudoscientific theory also known as "race realism", see Scientific racism.Ī graphical representation of the typical human karyotype The human mitochondrial DNA
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